Heuristics and biases

Mere Exposure Effect

We start liking something more just because it becomes familiar.

A new song on the radio doesn't catch your attention at first, but after hearing it several times you start liking it more. Familiarity reduces uncertainty, and that makes the object of repeated exposure more appealing.

The case

In a classic study, people were shown geometric shapes or Chinese alphabet characters for milliseconds, so fast they had no conscious memory of having seen them. Even so, they later preferred those stimuli over others they had never seen. Spotify uses the same principle in its Discover Weekly and Daily Mix playlists, mixing songs you already know with new music, so the novelty feels less risky.

Why it works

Familiarity reduces the uncertainty associated with something unknown. The more familiar a stimulus feels to us, the easier it is to process, and that ease translates into a stronger preference for it.

Source: Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2p2), 1-27. Spotify case: Mehrotra, R. (2021). Algorithmic Balancing of Familiarity, Similarity & Discovery in Music Recommendations. Spotify Research.

In practice

Introducing something new (a product, a brand, a message) alongside something already familiar tends to generate less resistance than presenting it in complete isolation.

Related concepts

How familiar is your brand today to a new customer?

Download the full guide (in Spanish) with all 16 principles and real cases of how they're applied.